SOTHEBY’S UNVEILED JAGUAR D-TYPE
RM Sotheby’s third Manhattan ICONS “A Life of Luxury” exhibit became available to the public on Nov 30 at Sotheby’s York Avenue headquarters ahead of the auction held on Dec 6. A large showcase of thirty-two cars and a selection of high-value collectibles will go on public sale. The inaugural Life of Luxury Week ICONS sale is part of Sotheby’s, offering that offers clients and enthusiasts an unparalleled experience as well as the very best in jewellery, watches, wine, fashion and limited edition cars.
Next year, RM Sotheby’s legendary sterling Moss’ Le Mans 1954 Jaguar D-Type Works (OKV 2) will make an appearance for the company’s 2018 Arizona sale. The specially-curated exhibits ICONS consist of 31 iconic automobiles from around the world’s most admired marques, from the Classic Era through today’s newest hypercars. Among the selected automotive collectibles and art, these vintage cars made up a huge part of the auction:
– an alloy-bodied 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione which claimed 5th overall at the 1959 24 Hours of Le Mans (Est. $14/17 million);
– the very first Jaguar C-Type imported to the United States and raced to victory by Phil Hill (Est. $5.5/7 million);
– the 1952 Chrysler d’Elegance “idea car” with Italian coachwork by Ghia, an influential landmark in transatlantic design (Est. $900k/1.1 million);
– an unmistakable 1960 Volkswagen Deluxe ‘23-Window’ Microbus, an iconic favorite of young and old (Est. $150/225,000, without reserve);
– a 1969 Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona Berlinetta, both the final prototype and first production Daytona (Est. $1.4/1.7 million);
– a wild 1990 Lamborghini LM002, one of 60 U.S.-delivery examples of the high performance SUV known as the “Rambo Lambo” (Est. $400/500,000);
– a 2000 BMW Z8 originally owned by the late visionary Apple founder, Steve Jobs (Est. $300/$400,000, without reserve);
– a 2014 Ferrari LaFerrari, a 53-mile example of the most advanced street Ferrari ever built (Est. $3.25/3.75 million); and,
– a 2018 Bugatti Chiron (estimate $3.5/4 million), the very first example ordered for the U.S. market (Est. $3.5/4 million).
The D-Type went on public viewing alongside 1955 Alfa Romeo 1900C SS Speciale by Boano as part of the A Century of Sports Cars Collection (Est. $1,250,000 – $1,750,000).
The Jaguar D-Type raced by the factory team at Le Mans, chassis no. XKD 403 (registration mark OKV 2), will be the first of the featured cars to lead both RM Sotheby’s auction in Phoenix and the entire Arizona car week.
AUDEMARS PIGUET PREVIEWS THREE NEW WOMEN’S MILLENARY WATCHES
The women’s version of one of the most iconic men’s collections of all time, the Audemars Piguet Millenary certainly has a lot to offer. All dressed up in diamonds, enamel, marquetry, engraving, and other materials, the Royal Oak is the first luxury sports watch for the fairer sex. The Millenary, by way of differentiation, is the opposite of sporty. It has become emblematic for watchmaking’s decorative arts, while at the same time exuding a technical flair with its partially openwork dial.
At the Salon International de la Haute Horlogerie (SIHH) next month, Audemars Piguet has announced the launch of three new models in the Millenary lineup. Two all-gold versions set with diamonds and a version with a “frosted gold” finish will come out just in time for the holiday season. The 18-karat white- or pink-gold versions have the same allure of fine jewelry, with diamonds set into the lugs and bezel with a handcrafted bracelet that can be used on its own.
A variation on the Milanese mesh style sees the bracelet braded from gold threads in a right-over-left pattern rather than in the same direction, just like a traditional Milanese bracelet is made. The result is a flexible piece of jewelry that comfortably hugs the wrist. The adjustable links can be removed or added in 5-mm sections for an even closer fit. The cases on the new models are scaled down to 39.5 mm, which makes them even more wearable.
The third new Millenary is characterized by a technique from the jeweler’s bench: a signature hammered finish that Audemars Piguet calls frosted gold. It is achieved by using a gold-hammering technique known as the Florentine method that results in tiny indentations giving the surface a shimmering sparkle, like frost on a windowpane.
Pricing for all three models will be made available in mid-January of next year.
ROLLS-ROYCE REVEALS A HIGH-TECH YACHT CONCEPT
Rolls-Royce has ventured into untapped waters with its futuristic 203-foot Crystal Blue – a combination of proven technologies and daring imagination. A steer from the luxury cars the brand is known for, the bold new concept marries a 12-guest, 203-foot superyacht to a state-of-the-art hybrid power system. The design team has also featured a 138-foot remote-controlled support vessel called Blue Shadow as yachting’s coolest dynamic duo.
Crystal Blue is a testament to how new technology can meet yachting’s increasing demand for higher performance, greater ranges, and increased levels of comfort. The concept employs the company’s hybrid LNG/Battery SAVe-CUBE system technology. The system uses twin 16V 4000 MTU diesel engines powered by liquid nitrogen gas (LNG). The LNG-powered generators are used to charge the yacht’s battery banks for overnight stays as well as power the yacht’s carbon-fiber thrusters.
One of the emblematic technologies is Rolls-Royce’s intelligent dynamic positioning systems with the GPS-based system able to keep the yacht firmly in place for hours or days, without being anchored.
Crystal Blue will have a safe room for owners, guests, and crew to seek refuge during any unauthorized boarding. The crew can override controls from this room and operate Crystal Blue remotely.
The yacht’s tanks have a range of 3,000 nautical miles without refuelling and with Shadow’s additional fuel capacity, the range increases to 4,400 nautical miles, making transatlantic crossings and voyages to even remote yachting areas possible.
The new digital-based ship intelligence solutions add value to the luxury yacht market, bringing ‘green’ values and previously unheard of levels of comfort to a yacht owner. Another unique feature of Crystal Blue is the lack of bridge. Or rather, its repositioning to the upper deck into the bow of the vessel. An internal bridge frees up the traditional area of the bridge in the forward part of the structure to let owners and guests enjoy a panoramic vista traditionally only enjoyed by the crew only.
AUSTRALIA’S MOST HIGH-TECH HOME WITH A VOICE-ACTIVATED WATERFALL
A high-tech, fully automated mansion has hit the market in Australia for $7million. The spectacular estate has a voice-activated waterfall.
The house sits in the affluent Melbourne suburb of Brighton and boasts a sprawling rooftop garden, where you can soak the rays. High-powered house hunters have already started expressing their interest in the extravagant property. The house is fully automated, with the lights, blinds, air conditioning and intercom all activated by smartphone, iPad and the voice-operated Alexa system. This guarantees a new level of convenience and comfort with minimal manual interference required.
There is a 20m pool with an in-floor cleaning system and a voice-activated waterfall. The large rooftop garden has its own spa, providing stunning views of the city.
Multiple living areas inside the home provide plenty of space. There is a fireplace and its own theatre system.
In addition to the inside chef’s kitchen, there is an outdoor kitchen, as well as a butler’s pantry and a fitted study. The very expensive build has a brilliant design throughout. The Miele kitchen features an induction cooktop and butler’s pantry, and is complemented by an alfresco kitchen.
Outside, the house boasts a futuristic design with lots of clean cuts, sharp edges and minimalistic features. Open spaces, sliding doors and a grey-white palette give the interior a modern, laid-back vibe with lots of seating areas and wooden panelling. Ample decking on the second-floor terrace provides a lounging area. The living area on the ground floor has an open-fireplace.
The modern masterpiece is located at 1 Blairgowrie Court and is within walking distance from Golden Mile beachfront, Brighton Grammar, Firbank Girls’ Grammar and Church St. The two-storey house was designed by Frank Macchia and features a striking “concrete wave” that flows throughout.
Originally built in 2002, the residence was totally upgraded two years ago.
LEAOS CARBON URBAN ELECTRIC BICYCLE
Designed and handmade in Italy, Leaos is the first Bike that consequently is designed including the fork to make it one piece.
Leaos carbon fiber electric 2.0 bike looks to the Vespa for design cues. Designed for everyday urban use, the carbon monocoque body, solid and relatively lightweight, holds a 10 level mid-engine and a rechargeable and removable 11.6Ah battery, while the handlebar offers a digital display and a powerful LED light from German manufacturer Supernova.
The Leaos packs a 36V MPV motor that delivers up to 50Nm of torque, for 10 levels of pedal assist, plus NuVinci Harmony automatic transmission. They made two versions, the 25-km/h model allows you to ride without a license plate or insurance, while its big 45-km/h brother is classified as a moped.
BLANCPAIN LAUNCHES VILLERET PERPETUAL CALENDAR
The Villeret Perpetual Calendar is a new watch made to look amazing and keep you organized.
It has an exceptional self-winding movement that provides 8 days of power when fully wound.
Its mechanism measures 7.25mm in thickness but in those few millimeters holds amazing 379 individual components.
Thanks to Blancpain’s patent, the under-lug correctors, you can adjust the date and the moon-phase without a dedicated tool. The correctors are invisible while the watch is worn so they preserve the smooth lines of the design itself.
The design is obviously classy, with red gold as the main material, case diameter of 38mm, sapphire case-back with honeycomb motif oscillating weight and alligator leather strap.
This new model comes in a dedicated box that will keep the watch on time even when not in use.
ETIHAD AIRWAYS $43K 3-ROOM RESIDENCE
Abu Dhabi-based Etihad Airways has created the best place to be. You’ll feel like on the seventh cloud, an the point is, you will be.
It sure is the most amazing three-room residence, that is so much more than the first class that it would have a class of its own.
“The Residence” will be available only in the A380 aircraft, and it is said that it took five years to design and perfect the cabin.
There is only one residence in the whole plane, and it is located in the nose.
Designed for no more than two guests, it is literally a luxury apartment. The furniture is covered in leather, chilled cabinet for drinks, flat screen TV of 32inches, Egyptian cotton sheets in the bedroom, a choice of pillows, and not to forget, room service with personal in-flight butler and in-flight chef making five-star meals for you.
The bathroom is amazing as well, with the addition of exclusive products available only there.
Currently it is available for booking, and the flight from Abu Dhabi to London is going to cost you $43,000.
Bell & Ross’s Bruno Belamich introduces head-turning utilitarian design from elements of fantasy in the light of New Year. The AeroGT concept car is no ordinary vehicle. With its ultra-low 43-inch profile, the carbon-fiber sports car is projected to cruise at 190 mph and combine futuristic design and uncompromising performance. The model is also unconventional in another aspect: created by a watch designer – it will serve as an inspiration for a couple of new timepieces.
Bruno Belamich has a strong background in horology and his initiation into automobile making marks the beginning of a daring new venture. His brand, Bell & Ross has always had a connection to high-speed vehicles – having collaborate with Sinn Uhren—a German manufacturer specializing in chronographs for pilots. The Aero GT, will be a sharkfin-style V8 “designed to hold its own amongst automotive professionals”. The 4.7m long car will weight 1,320kg and pack a 4.2l V8 engine with 610 horsepower.
Of course, the project is still in its initial stages and can undergo a lot of modifications before seeing the light of day but for the time being – it has more than a hint of aviation in its inception: the car features a number of stylistic elements derived from fast jets, including aerodynamic “canard”-style wing mirrors, a vertical tail fin and – within the cabin – a “pitot tube”, used in aviation to measure high speeds. Belamich himself describes the car as “an amalgamation of an aircraft and a GT”, which is sure to interest wealthy buyers as a first.
The new 2017 will see supersonic jets a reality with Aerion’s new AS2 model. The company has been developing it for nearly a decade and now the aerospace giant Airbus has joined the team as a partner. Robert Bass, chairman of Aerion, has announced the new jet will be flying by 2019, certified in 2021, and entering service in 2022 but wealthy buyers are already expressing interest in owning one.
The latest design of the AS2 was revealed in May. The aircraft will be capable of carrying a total of 12 passengers in a 30-foot-long cabin at speeds up to 1,218 mph. With a range objective of 5,450 miles or better – this aircraft is unique in that its high speeds will allow it to bypass the limitation that the United States government imposes on airspeeds above Mach 1 in its airspace. This means passengers of the Aerion enjoy unmatched point-to-point travel times for a civilian jet for the first time ever in international flights. Travel from Chicago to Frankfurt, Germany, nonstop in just over five hours will be made a reality.
The retail price for the AS2 is expected to be above $100 million – money that business moguls will gladly pay for increased comfort, style and speed. Flight-service provider Flexjet is already the first to have placed an order for 20 examples of the Aerion AS2 supersonic jets with each one priced at $120 million. Called a “potential game changer for business travel.” – the new AS2 will set a new standard of luxury and performance in private travel.
CHOPARD’S MOST COLLECTIBLE WATCH
Chopard has always been known for chasing after impossible standards of perfection and timeless minimalism and the new L.U.C. Full Strike minute repeater is a living proof of that. It is not so common that technology and architectural design come together in a marriage of complementing opposites that create a unique object of art.
Horological connoisseurs will be thrilled with this bold and innovative minute repeater. The L.U.C. Full Strike is a rare watch of exemplary design. Its acoustic qualities make it one of the three best-sounding repeaters created during the last decade. It is capable of producing crisp and clear sounds with both richness and intensity. The gongs are made of sapphire—the same material that forms the upper crystal itself, which helps to enhance the sound.
The acoustic potential of the crystalline material is immediately made apparent to the true connoisseur. Through innovative design Chopard has managed to simplify the mechanism behind the movement without compromising the harmony of the sub-frequencies produced by metal-on-metal contact in the case and movement. A detailed glimpse of the case reveals an elaborate series of safety systems that protect the movement and smooth the operation of the strike mechanism. The openwork format of the case works well with the architectural design of the piece, which along its sound qualities and idea-based achievement easily make the Full Strike the most collectible watch Chopard has ever built.
Price is available on request, although recommended retail price is around $261,715.
CHRISTIE’S WINE DEPARTMENT CELEBRATES 50TH ANNIVERSARY WITH AUCTION
Half a century after it came to be, Christie’s wine department is commemorating the memorable occasion with an exclusive event – Finest Wines and Spirits: The 50th Anniversary Sale. Taking place at Rockefeller Plaza in New York City on December 9, the wine auction highlights a number of covetable vintages that make the brand so well-known amongst connoisseurs. One of the most-anticipated offers is the Rémy Martin Louis XIII Black Pearl, a luxurious blend created from eaux-de-vies and aged for up to a century in a Limousin oak barrel known as a tierçon. Sheathed in a hand-blown Baccarat crystal decanter, the one-of-a-kind champagne can reach a price of $65,000 per bottle – well worth its palatable and smooth taste.
Another anticipated item is the Blade and Bow Single Barrel 24-Year-Old Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey. The rare bourbon collection consists of 34 bottles with one empty whiskey barrel per lot, and is estimated to sell for between $24,000 and $35,000. The liquor line includes Château Cheval-Blanc 1982 (prices between $6,500 and $8,500), the Macallan 50-Year-Old Anniversary Malt 1928 (priced at $35,000 to $45,000), and the Petrus 1990 (at $30,000 to $40,000).
Whiskey aficionados will appreciate these one-of-a-kind collectable pieces that make bourbon history Distilled and aged by some of the most sought after brands in the world, these rare blends are in a class of their own when it comes to texture, taste and quality. All proceeds from the sale will benefit Robin Hood, New York’s largest poverty-fighting organization.
EXQUISITE NEW JEWELRY FROM BORGO AND TIFFANY
As the holidays are drawing nearer and it’s the time for presents – nothing can bring more joy than the exquisite new collection, which is the result of the joint efforts of Tiffany and creative designer Eddie Borgo.
The seven-piece capsule jewelry collection of the first-time designer is inspired by the arresting, lifelike sculptures by the artist and socialite Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. Borgo rose to fame on the jewelry scene in 2010 for his striking, edgy bracelets, rings, and earrings. For this new collection, Borgo has partnered with established jewelry house Tiffany for more organic, sinewy lines. “I was attempting to achieve a mixture of both traditional and non-traditional metalsmithing techniques, where structured forms became draped in fluid metal,” explains Borgo.
One of the collection’s signature pieces is a lowing 18-karat-gold collar necklace with pearl pendant. The drape creates the illusion of soft flowing fabric while the pearl creates the illusion of weight. This conveys a sense of balance. The seven designs in the capsule collection range in price from $600 to $12,500. The Tiffany x Eddie Borgo ring available in 18k gold with a freshwater pearl is retailing for $3,250 and the Tiffany x Eddie Borgo bracelet in 18k gold is available for $7,500. Both of these pieces would make a great gift to any woman for a special occasion as they bring together the best of two worlds – Tiffany’s sense of ethereal style and class and Borgo’s modern interpretation of form and function.
A CUSTOMIZABLE BELL 525 RELENTLESS HELICOPTER
Flying in style just got a whole new meaning with the debut of Bell 525 Relentless helicopter – a rich man’s very own way to put his signature on this luxurious toy. MAGnificent teams up with Mecaer Aviation Group to bring clients with discerning taste the Bell 525 Relentless twin helicopter. Unveiled as a full-size mock-up at the Monaco Yacht Show in September, it boasts a highly customizable interior, which allows each owner to create a one-of-a-kind cabin. Customers can personalize the high-end helicopter’s from start to finish by choosing from a variety of layouts, seating configurations, and luxurious furnishings.
When it comes to technology – the Bell 525 doesn’t disappoint either with a host of on-board features that guarantee a VIP flight. The elegant entertainment lounge showcases working Wi-Fi, maps, audio/video, and light controls can be conveniently controlled by paired smart devices or smartwatches. The window controls switch from clear to full tint and are also controlled by smart devices or smartwatches. There is an integrated Speech Interference Level Enhanced Noise System (SILENS) interior panel that makes the interior remarkably quiet. And there’s plenty of room for baggage in several strategically located storage cabinets that retract into the console. Prices for the Bell 525 Relentless are available upon request.
The 525 Relentless is the first commercial helicopter with a fly-by-wire cockpit, sidestick controls and a fully integrated touchscreen Garmin flight deck. Cruising speeds are up to 178 mph and fly up to 575 miles nonstop. Deliveries are expected to start next year.
A STUNNING SEVEN-STORY MANSION IN NEW YORK
The City That Never Sleeps is inviting wealthy buyers to tap into another exclusive real estate resource that is sure to satisfy even the most discerning of tastes! A fabulous seven-story townhouse located at 357 West 17th Street solves that issue of space in the bustling metropolis resoundingly. Situated in the prestigious West Chelsea Arts District, the 11,000-square-foot abode comprises five bedrooms and 11 bathrooms. Decorated in muted shades of brown and grey with rich accents such as Swarovski crystals and a chandelier canopy of stars gives this urban haven a homey yet chic aesthetic.
The expansive living room comes with an austere gas fireplace and floor-to-ceiling windows that overlook the city. A nearby glass-walled terrace offers plenty of space for more than a dozen guests. Every aspiring chef is sure to appreciate the kitchen – equipped with two enormous islands, two ovens, two refrigerators, and two freezers. The temperature-controlled, brick-lined wine cellar can hold up to 400 bottles of the finest wines and palatable whiskeys.
Spread across an entire floor, the opulent master suite boasts a show-stopping headboard, a built-in television, and full-size windows. An exquisite flower mosaic serves as the focal point to the his-and-her bathrooms. The floor’s amenities go on to include sitting lounges, a powder room, and a kitchenette.
The cellar level is equipped with a soundproof movie theater with stadium seating, 3D projection, and THX Dolby surround sound. There is also a swimming pool, sauna, and fitness center for additional opportunities for R&R. Outside areas include a garden, an al fresco dining space, and a rooftop deck that overlooks the iconic city skyline. The home can be purchased furnished for an additional price, but is on the market for $36.8 million.
MCLAREN P1
McLaren is using all of its 50 years of racing experience and success, in the fields of aerodynamics and lightweight carbon fibre technology to create McLaren P1. “We believe the McLaren P1TM is the most exciting, capable, technologically advanced and most dynamically accomplished supercar ever made”, says McLaren P1TM programme director, Paul Mackenzie.
The McLaren P1 is a limited-edition super car that blends a gasoline-electric hybrid drivetrain with striking looks and race-inspired technology. It uses an inovative IPAS petrol-electric powertrain comprising a substantially revised 3.8 litre twin-turbo V8 petrol engine, coupled to a single electric motor, collectively known as M838TQ. Power output is 916 PS (903hp). Electric motor’s ability provide instant torque. Carbon dioxide emissions are less than 200g/km, and it can cover more than 10km in electric-only mode.
Mounted on low-profile Pirelli P Zero Corsa tires designed specifically for the P1, 10-spoke wheels crafted out of high-strength aluminum, have a diameter of 19 inches in the front and 20 inches in the back.
Alex Ferguson, former Manchester United manager, is set to sell an estimated $5 million-worth of wine at three sales by auction firm Christie’s, with the bulk being put up for auction in Hong Kong.
The offer includes six bottles of 1999 Romanée-Conti Grand Cru paired with a Manchester United shirt from the team’s Champions League triumph in 1999. The shirt is signed by Mr. Ferguson. Many of the other wines at the Hong Kong sale, including a 6-liter bottle of 2005 Imperiale Sassicaia estimated to sell for as much as HK$12,000, will be signed “Best Wishes, Alex Ferguson” in black marker on the label.
The Jayavarman was named after Angkor’s most venerated king, who ruled from 1181 to 1218, and was a devout Buddhist. King Jayavarman oversaw the construcion of some of the most famous temples in Angkor, including Ta Prohm, Preah Khan and the unforgettable Bayon.
It offers uncompromising luxury on 800 m2 public space including 4 decks, measuring 57.8 meters from bow to stern and 27 elegantly decorated cabins. Traveling between Saigon and Phnom Penh, the Jayavarman adorned the art deco charm of 1930’s France with the romance of Indochine.
This amazing cruise ship resembles a floating art gallery. A Jacuzzi is located on the top sundeck, which offers spectacular views of the passing delta.
This is an unforgettable means of exploring some of the most beautiful scenery in Asia.
It has passed 95 years from that amazing moment that W.O. Bentley founded the company that bears his name.
To celebrate the milestone, Bentley is launching an exclusive limited edition based on its Mulsanne.
The edition will consist 15 cars sold in U.K. Only, so you will have to be comfortable with the right-hand drive.
Honoring the homeland of the Bentley, these few cars will be made in patriotic colors only, that would mean Britannia Blue, Empire Red, and Oxford White. The color has been applied using the latest technology, but then hand-finished at the company’s paint shop.
As for the interior woodwork, it is going to be made out of a walnut tree estimated to be as old as 300 to 400 years. For the environment friendly costumers, we can calm you because, as it is said, it hasn’t been chopped down, but fell after a storm in 2007.
Beside some other elements as the Union Flag and 95 emblems embroidered on the seats, we must mention the twin-turbocharged 6.75 liter V-8 motor that delivers full 505 horsepower.
That makes it go from 0 to 62 mph in 5.3 seconds, and has the top speed of 184 mph.
If you are interested in the Mulsanne, you can buy one at our site, but if you would like to purchase the Mulsanne 95 you can order it at Bantley’s U.K. network of dealers.
ALILA VILLAS ULUWATU
Alila Villas Uluwatu is set upon a limestone cliff-top on Bali’s southern coastline, one hundred meters above the Indian Ocean. A cluster of buildings, terraces, pools, and gardens spread over a generous 14 – hectare plot of savannah.
Villa offer stunning ocean views from bed to bathtub. Boasting a 50-metre outdoor pool overlooking the Indian Ocean, Alila Villas Uluwatu is a 15-minute drive from Jimbaran Bay.
Alila Villas features an art gallery displaying modern Indonesian artwork, and a library. Each villa has an outdoor dining area and oversized bathroom.
Surrender yourself to the enchantment of Bali’s beauty and serenity in the luxury of flawless perfection.
CARTIER SHAPE YOUR TIME
From 24 through 25 May, French jeweller Cartier celebrated the official launch of its Calibre de Cartier Diver watch whilst also showcasing the 5 key pillars that best represents its heritage and technical expertise in contemporary men’s watches.
“Shape Your Time” is set to launch and promote the Calibre de Cartier Diver’s watch, its first true diving watch.
The Calibre de Cartier was introduced in 2010, the first masculine sport dress watch and the highlight novelty for this year, the Calibre de Cartier Diver watch seen above is Cartier’s first true diving watch. The Santos de Cartier has been in the archives from 1904 where it was first designed for Brazilian aviator, Mr Alberto Santos-Dumont, and is the most classical and recognizable Cartier watch. The Tank was created during World War I in 1917 and was presented as a gift to General Pershing, and has been an style icon ever since. The Ballon Bleu de Cartier watch was produced in 2007 and highlights Cartier’s creativity and innovation in breaking watchmaking aesthetic boundaries.